Yesterday I was watching clips of old Tamil movie ‘Sivagangai Cheemai’ a movie on Maradhu Pandiyars. This film was produced and written by Kannadasan. In the climax hanging scene he brings out of the most ancient Tamil traditions through a patriotic dialogue. I have uploaded that particular scene below,
The first thing to note here is the belief Tamil warriors that they would reach the Heaven after death if they die by sword in the war.This kind of belief seem to have existed in the Tamil Sangam era(1-3AD). I will quote some poems here which reflect this idea.
93
திண் பிணி முரசம் இழுமென முழங்கச்
சென்று, அமர் கடத்தல் யாவது? வந்தோர்
தார் தாங்குதலும் ஆற்றார், வெடிபட்டு,
ஓடல் மரீஇய பீடு இல் மன்னர்
நோய்ப்பால் விளிந்த யாக்கை தழீஇ,
காதல் மறந்து, அவர் தீது மருங்கு அறுமார்,
அறம் புரி கொள்கை நான்மறை முதல்வர்
திறம் புரி பசும் புல் பரப்பினர் கிடப்பி,
‘மறம் கந்தாக நல் அமர் வீழ்ந்த
நீள் கழல் மறவர் செல்வுழிச் செல்க!’ என
வாள் போழ்ந்து அடக்கலும் உய்ந்தனர் மாதோ
வரி ஞிமிறு ஆர்க்கும் வாய் புகு கடாஅத்து
அண்ணல் யானை அடு களத்து ஒழிய,
அருஞ் சமம் ததைய நூறி, நீ,
பெருந் தகை! விழுப் புண் பட்ட மாறே.
திணை வாகை; துறை அரச வாகை.
அவன் பொருது புண்பட்டு நின்றோனை அவர் பாடியது.
Purananuru 93
Who is left to defeat in battle
advancing as the strong-thronged drum roars out?
Those who came could not prevail before your vanguard,
but scattered and ran.
The mean kings there died
and escaped the rite
that would have rid them of their infamy:
when they had died in bed,
their bodies would have been taken,
and, all love for them forgotten,
to purge them of their evil.
Brahmins of the four Vedas and just principles
would have laid them out on green grass
prepared according to ritual,
would have said,
“Go to where warriors with renowned anklets go
who have died in battle
with manliness their support,”
and would have cut them
with the sword,
They died there,great one,
while you received a fine wound
as you attacked, making battle scatter
and bringing down on the field of killing
elephants whose rut hammed with striped bees
as it trickled into their mouth.
Auvaiyar sings of Atiyaman Netuman Anci when he fought and received a wound.
Translated by George L Hart
As the above poem mentions, the ancient Tamils believed that a person who died in a battle would go to a heavenly world. So every king preferred to die fighting in a battle. The kings who died naturally or due to sickness were cut by swords before they were cremated. This is because the Kings have fought enough battles to get this honor. It was a honor to die by sword. A warrior attains his salvation when killed in a battle.
74
குழவி இறப்பினும், ஊன்தடி பிறப்பினும்,
‘ஆள் அன்று’ என்று வாளின் தப்பார்;
தொடர்ப் படு ஞமலியின் இடர்ப்படுத்து இரீஇய
கேள் அல் கேளிர் வேளாண் சிறு பதம்,
மதுகை இன்றி, வயிற்றுத் தீத் தணிய,
தாம் இரந்து உண்ணும் அளவை
ஈன்மரோ, இவ் உலகத்தானே?
திணை பொதுவியல்; துறை முதுமொழிக் காஞ்சி.
சேரமான் கணைக்கால் இரும்பொறை சோழன் செங்கணானோடு திருப்போர்ப் புறத்துப் பொருது, பற்றுக் கோட்பட்டு, குடவாயில் கோட்டத்துச் சிறையில் கிடந்து, ‘தண்ணீர் தா’ என்று பெறாது, பெயர்த்துப் பெற்று, கைக் கொண்டிருந்து
உண்ணான் சொல்லித் துஞ்சிய பாட்டு.
Purananuru 74
If a child of my clan should die,
if it is born dead,
a mere glob of flesh
not yet human,
they will put it to the sword
to give the thing
a warrior’s death.
Will such kings
bring a son this world
to be kept now
like a dog at the end of a chain
who must beg,
because of fire in the belly,
for a drop of water
and lap up a beggar’s drink
brought by jailers,
friends who are not friends?
Ceramaan Kanaikkal Irumporai fought with Colan Cerikanan on the field of Tirupporppuram, was captured,imprisons at Kutavayir Kottam (fortress),asked ” Give me water”, did not get it, then [When he asked again] did get it, kept it in his hand without drinking, and died. This is his song as he died. (colophon from Purananuru by George Hart and Hank Heifetz)
Translated by A.K.Ramanujan
As the above poem says the children who are born dead or die as an infant were cut by sword and given a warrior’s death. Though this might look like an act of barbarism to many but according to the Ancient Tamils they didn’t want to deny the child of the heavenly world that a warrior who was killed in the battle goes to. The child never had a chance to prove its valor and hence they performed this ritual even on the infants.
People who have fame spreading through out this world need no ceremony like this since they have already booked a place in the heavenly paradise. Another point that should be noted here is that memorial stones in honor of warriors who died in battle were also laid. This Hero stone(natukkal) was considered to have certain powers and hence people worshiped these hero stones. According to George L. Hart, some ritualistic attributes of the Natukkal was later passed on to the Linga worship of southern Hinduism.
Kannadasan who is well versed in Sangam Literature brings it out in this dialogue. In one of my earlier post I have written about another venture of Kannadasan ‘ Manathi Mannan’ a MGR film which was based on set of poems and a legend from the Sangam Literature.
Thanks to VJ and other Ponniyinselvan members for informing me about the Iruvar clip,
And Vairamuthu has also included one of the most famous Sangam poems in Narumugaye song in this movie. Please visit my ‘Red earth and puring rain’ blog for the poem and the movie clip.
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Reference:
Poems of Ancient Tamils – George L Hart
Poems on War and Love – A.K.Ramanujan
Purananuru – George L Hart and Hank Heifetz
Poets of the Tamil Anthologies – George L Hart
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